From Self-Optimization to Minimalism and Back: The Promises and Practices of Fasting in France

Abstract

This article is based on a research project about fasting, an ancient practice that is gaining popularity in France due to its potential benefits for well-being, health, and weight loss. This quest for less seems therefore to meet the neoliberal logic of performance. As such, we consider it to be an original form of self-optimization that would consist in doing more with less. Our paper shows that fasting is not only about maximizing the use of the body but also a means of self-management that can promote greater food reflexivity and even lead to lifestyle changes. The material collected combines an analysis of claims made in favor of fasting on the internet, as well as on smartphone apps, and a qualitative study conducted on people who engage in the practice (intermittent or periodic fasting). Two main findings emerged from this research. Firstly, the trajectories that led the interviewees to fasting show that engagement into this "dietary minimalism" requires to distance oneself from dietary norms and, for some, implies a phenomenon of social distinction. Next, the analysis of both purported benefits and concrete practices reveals the importance of the processual dimension: fasting seems to trigger a deconstruction of the everyday through the experience of less. Finally, food and eating appears to be a particular focal point for self-optimization that then could spill over into other areas. As an initial trial, it can open up other methods of optimization and other forms of simplification: "fasting begets fasting."