Beyond the Benchmarks: Empirical Theory of Science and Hydrological Knowledge Production in The Mekong Region

Abstract

This article critically examines hydrological science in the Mekong region, arguing that it is not merely technical but profoundly cultural and political. Employing Hubert Knoblauch's Empirical Theory of Science (EToS) and based on ethnographic research within a prominent Thai hydrological institution, the article analyzes the institutional, interactional, and subjective dimensions of hydrological knowledge production. It highlights how dominant scientific paradigms and mathematical models systematically marginalize alternative ecological and indigenous knowledges, reinforcing a technocratic control of river management. Situating hydrological practices within historical contexts - from colonial cartography through Cold War modernization to contemporary development - the article critiques positivist reductionism for neglecting socio-ecological complexities. It advocates methodological pluralism and inclusive water governance, emphasizing reflexive scientific practices sensitive to the dynamic interactions be-tween science, culture, society, and ecology to effectively address pressing environmental challenges in the Mekong region.