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A myriad of options: Validity and comparability of alternative international education variables

[journal article]

Schneider, Silke L.
Urban, Julian

Abstract

Education is a key variable in survey-based research, impacting various outcomes and serving as a cornerstone in social stratification research. However, measuring education in cross-national surveys is challenging due to the complexity and variability of educational systems across countries. For co... view more

Education is a key variable in survey-based research, impacting various outcomes and serving as a cornerstone in social stratification research. However, measuring education in cross-national surveys is challenging due to the complexity and variability of educational systems across countries. For comparative research, the education variable does not only need to be valid, but also comparable across countries, which implies a similar degree of validity in different countries. Simultaneously, education measures need to be parsimonious, especially for self-administered surveys. This study, expanding on previous research, evaluates the validity and comparability of 16 alternative education coding specifications using nearly 400 dependent variables to identify an optimal solution that could serve as a standard. We use European Social Survey (ESS) rounds 5 to 10 data, which provide a highly detailed international education variable serving as a benchmark. Results suggest that, while no alternative variable performs as well as the benchmark, a variable comprehensively covering educational quality ranks second in terms of validity, while the three-digit version of ISCED 2011 with a reduced quality indicator and coverage of the general/vocational divide, yields better comparability across countries than the other alternatives. These findings offer insights for comparative surveys to select an optimal international education variable for different survey modes and for researchers analysing survey data.... view less


Bildung ist eine Schlüsselvariable in der umfragebasierten Forschung, die sich auf verschiedene Ergebnisse auswirkt und als Eckpfeiler in der Forschung zur sozialen Schichtung dient. Die Messung der Bildung in länderübergreifenden Erhebungen ist jedoch aufgrund der Komplexität und Variabilität der B... view more

Bildung ist eine Schlüsselvariable in der umfragebasierten Forschung, die sich auf verschiedene Ergebnisse auswirkt und als Eckpfeiler in der Forschung zur sozialen Schichtung dient. Die Messung der Bildung in länderübergreifenden Erhebungen ist jedoch aufgrund der Komplexität und Variabilität der Bildungssysteme in den einzelnen Ländern eine Herausforderung. Für die vergleichende Forschung muss die Bildungsvariable nicht nur valide, sondern auch länderübergreifend vergleichbar sein, was ein ähnliches Maß an Validität in verschiedenen Ländern voraussetzt. Gleichzeitig müssen die Bildungsmaße sparsam sein, insbesondere bei selbstverwalteten Erhebungen. Diese Studie, die auf früheren Untersuchungen aufbaut, bewertet die Gültigkeit und Vergleichbarkeit von 16 alternativen Kodierungsspezifikationen für Bildung unter Verwendung von fast 400 abhängigen Variablen, um eine optimale Lösung zu ermitteln, die als Standard dienen könnte.... view less

Keywords
survey research; data capture; measurement; level of education; comparative research; data quality; harmonization; validity

Free Keywords
classification; comparability; cross-national surveys; socio-demographics; survey data; European Social Survey (ESS) rounds 5 to 10

Document language
English

Publication Year
2025

Journal
Survey Methods: Insights from the Field (2025)

Issue topic
Advancing Comparative Research: Exploring Errors and Quality Indicators in Social Research

DOI
https://doi.org/10.13094/SMIF-2025-00008

ISSN
2296-4754

Status
Published Version; peer reviewed

Licence
Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0


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© 2007 - 2025 Social Science Open Access Repository (SSOAR).
Based on DSpace, Copyright (c) 2002-2022, DuraSpace. All rights reserved.