Turkish-Russian adversarial collaboration in Syria, Libya, and Nagorno-Karabakh

Abstract

Russia and Turkey are backing opposing warring parties in three active conflicts. How­ever, this adversarial positioning has not hindered cooperation between Moscow and Ankara. They reign in opposing sides and, in effect, stage-manage their respective theatres of wars. Through multilateral arrangements, Europe is an enabler of Tur­key's position and could leverage its support to push Ankara to cooperate more effec­tively with its Western partners. (author's abstract)