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Participation on the Edge: Prior Consultation and Extractivism in Latin America

La Participación al Límite: Consulta Previa y Extractivismo en América Latina
[journal article]

Wong, Marcela Torres
Zaremberg, Gisela

Abstract

Violent conflicts between indigenous groups, multinational companies, and governments over the control of lands potentially containing valuable minerals and hydrocarbons are proliferating in Latin America, as well as elsewhere around the world too. In 1989 the International Labor Organization (ILO) ... view more

Violent conflicts between indigenous groups, multinational companies, and governments over the control of lands potentially containing valuable minerals and hydrocarbons are proliferating in Latin America, as well as elsewhere around the world too. In 1989 the International Labor Organization (ILO) approved ILO Convention 169, which mandates the implementation of prior consultation (PC) with indigenous peoples about any project that could potentially affect their territory. Many interpretations regarding the aims and scopes of PC exist. Some environmental sectors see PC as a mechanism to prevent the implementation of ecologically unsustainable projects in indigenous territories. Part of the indigenous rights sector, however, sees PC as a platform via which to negotiate financial resources for indigenous communities. On the side of governments and multinational companies, PC represents a means to diminish violence and advance projects under more stable political conditions. By examining mining and hydrocarbon projects in Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico, the authors compare cases in which PC takes place and ones where it is not applied. A typology of the outcomes in relation to 1) the prevention of industrialized resource extraction on indigenous lands, 2) redistribution of economic benefits produced by extractive projects, and 3) diminishment of the state repression associated with extractive projects is offered. Findings show that in many cases all three of these results are not simultaneously achieved; the authors explain why some outcomes might be obtained in certain instances and not in others. Finally, the article offers an overall assessment of PC results in light of participation theories.... view less


La violencia entre grupos indígenas, empresas multinacionales y gobiernos sobre el control de tierras con potencial minero y petrolero se encuentra en aumento en América Latina y en el resto del mundo. En 1989 la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) aprobó el Convenio 169 de la OIT que estab... view more

La violencia entre grupos indígenas, empresas multinacionales y gobiernos sobre el control de tierras con potencial minero y petrolero se encuentra en aumento en América Latina y en el resto del mundo. En 1989 la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) aprobó el Convenio 169 de la OIT que establece la obligación de los estados de realizar consulta previa (CP) con sus grupos indígenas antes de llevar a cabo cualquier proyecto que tenga el potencial de afectar sus territorios. Existen diversas interpretaciones sobre los alcances de la CP. Algunos sectores medioambientalistas entienden que la CP es un mecanismo para prevenir la implementación de proyectos ecológicamente destructivos en territorios indígenas. Por otro lado, parte del sector de derechos indígenas, entiende que la CP es una plataforma por la cual los grupos indígenas pueden negociar recursos financieros con el gobierno y/o las empresas ejecutoras. Por el lado de los gobiernos y las empresas multinacionales, la CP representa un medio para disminuir la violencia e implementar proyectos bajo condiciones de mayor estabilidad política. A través del análisis de proyectos mineros y petroleros en Bolivia, Perú y México, las autoras comparan casos en los que la CP tiene lugar con casos en que esta está ausente. Seguido de ello se elabora una tipología de resultados en relación a 1) prevención de extracción industrializada de recursos naturales en territorios indígenas, 2) redistribución de beneficios económicos producidos por proyectos extractivos, 3) disminución de represión estatal asociada con proyectos extractivos. Los hallazgos demuestran que, en muchos casos, estos tres resultados difícilmente son obtenidos simultáneamente; las autoras explican por qué algunos resultados son obtenidos en ciertos casos y en otros no. Finalmente el artículo ofrece un examen general de los resultados de la CP a la luz de las teorías sobre participación.... view less

Keywords
participation; indigenous peoples; resources; raw material deposits; industry; mining; redistribution; law and order; oppression; political sociology; Latin America; Bolivia; Peru; Mexico; conflict of interest

Classification
Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture
Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy

Free Keywords
consulta previa; extracción de recursos; hidrocarburos; beneficios financieros; represión estatal; prior consultation; resource extraction; hydrocarbons; pecuniary benefits; state repression

Document language
English

Publication Year
2018

Page/Pages
p. 29-58

Journal
Journal of Politics in Latin America, 10 (2018) 3

ISSN
1868-4890

Status
Published Version; peer reviewed

Licence
Creative Commons - Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0


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