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https://doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2018-09en
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The Two-Part Gender Revolution, Women's Second Shift and Changing Cohort Fertility
[journal article]
Abstract The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid... view more
The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's "second shift," depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.... view less
Keywords
Italy; Netherlands; birth trend; fertility; Sweden; gender role; Federal Republic of Germany; work-family balance; Norway; labor force participation; family policy; United States of America; France; division of labor; Finland; woman; Great Britain; Spain; affirmative action; gender-specific factors; Canada; twentieth century
Classification
Women's Studies, Feminist Studies, Gender Studies
Population Studies, Sociology of Population
Free Keywords
two-part gender revolution; transformation of male breadwinner family model; women in public sphere; men in private sphere; women's second shift
Document language
English
Publication Year
2018
Page/Pages
p. 99-130
Journal
Comparative Population Studies - Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft, 43 (2018)
ISSN
1869-8999
Status
Published Version; peer reviewed