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[phd thesis]

dc.contributor.authorSchweitzer, Christinede
dc.date.accessioned2013-02-18T09:29:33Z
dc.date.available2013-02-18T09:29:33Z
dc.date.issued2010de
dc.identifier.isbn978-3-935431-17-0de
dc.identifier.urihttp://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/33226
dc.description.abstractAm Beispiel der Interventionen zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure in die Konflikte im ehemaligen Jugoslawien zwischen 1990 und 2002 entwickelt die Studie auf der Basis der erhobenen Daten einen inklusiven Rahmen zur Beschreibung von Konfliktinterventionen und beschreibt Strategie und Ansätze zivilgesellschaftlicher Konfliktintervention. Diese Dissertation, die am Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies der Universität Coventry angefertigt wurde, beschäftigt sich mit den Interventionen zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure in die Kriege im ehemaligen Jugoslawien in den 1990er Jahren. Dabei wird ein sehr umfassendes Verständnis von ‘Intervention' zugrundegelegt, das alle Arten von Aktivitäten umfasst, die sich auf die Konflikte beziehen. Aufbauend auf einem Survey von Aktivitäten im Zeitraum zwischen 1990 und 2002 hat die Autorin einen Definitionsrahmen für die Kategorisierung von Interventionen entwickelt. Er basiert auf den ursprünglich von Johan Galtung definierten Friedensstrategien des "Peacemaking", "Peacekeeping" und "Peacebuilding" und fügt diesen drei Strategien als vierte Kategorie "Information, Unterstützung, Protest und Advocacy" hinzu. Insgesamt rund 230 verschiedene Instrumente der Konfliktintervention wurden identifiziert. Die Studie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure drei unterschiedliche Rollen spielten. 1. Sie ergänzten die Tätigkeit staatlicher Akteure; 2. Sie waren die Avantgarde für Ansätze, Strategien und Methoden, die später ‘mainstream' in der Konfliktintervention wurden, und 3. in manchen Fällen gelang es ihnen, das Handeln von Regierungen durch Advocacy oder direkte Aktion zu kontrollieren oder zu korrigieren. Die Entwicklung von Instrumenten ziviler Konflikttransformation wurde durch dieses Engagement in den 90er Jahren sehr stark befördert. Die Studie unterstützt die Position, die in jüngerer Zeit von manchen WissenschaftlerInnen ergriffen wird, die vergleichende Studien über Fälle der Konfliktintervention durchgeführt haben, in Bezug auf die begrenzte Rolle, die Dialog und Versöhnungsarbeit bei der Behandlung der Gesamtkonflikte einnahmen: Obwohl "Versöhnung" und interethnische Kooperation im Kern der großen Mehrheit von Projekten und Programmen in dem Gebiet waren, sind die Indikatoren für wirklichen Einfluss im Hinblick auf einen positiven Wandel in der Gesellschaft und Verhinderung zukünftiger Gewalt eher schwach. Die Studie stellt weiterhin fest, dass es eine soziale Bewegung in vielen westlichen Ländern gab, die sich mit dem ehemaligen Jugoslawien befasste und die in bis dahin nicht gekannter Weise traditionelle Methoden des Protests und der Lobbyarbeit mit konkreter Arbeit vor Ort kombinierte.de
dc.description.abstractThis thesis seeks to contribute to the understanding of conflict intervention in protracted violent conflicts by studying the activities of civil society actors in regard to the conflicts in what was Yugoslavia until 1991. A very broad understanding of ‘intervention’ is used for this purpose that includes all kinds of activities that relate to the conflicts. Based on a survey of activities in the period between 1990 and 2002, a framework for categorising and describing these interventions is applied according to basic functions in four ‘grand strategies’ of ‘peace-making’, ‘peace-keeping’, ‘peacebuilding’, and ‘information, support, protest and advocacy’, with a total list of about 230 instruments of conflict intervention identified. The study concludes that civil society actors played three different basic roles: They complemented the work of state actors, they were the avant-garde for approaches, strategies and methods that later became ‘mainstream’ in conflict intervention, and in some cases, they were able to control or correct actions by governments through advocacy or direct action. The development of instruments of civil conflict transformation received a massive boost through this engagement in the 1990s. The study supports the position taken recently by some researchers making comparative studies of cases of conflict intervention regarding the limited role played by dialogue and reconciliation work in regard to dealing with the overall conflicts: In spite of ‘reconciliation’ and inter-ethnic cooperation being at the core of the vast majority of all projects and programmes undertaken in the area, indicators of real impact regarding an overall positive change in society and prevention of future violence seem to be rather weak. The study further observes that there was a social movement developed relating to former Yugoslavia in many Western countries that in a hitherto unknown way combined traditional methods of protest and advocacy with concrete work in the field.en
dc.description.tableofcontentsAbstract Contents Acknowledgements Tables Acronyms 1. Introduction 1.1 Goals and Scope of the Study 1.1.1 Objectives 1.1.1.1 Objective 1) Assess Assumptions Regarding Conflict Intervention 1.1.1.2 Objective 2) Suggest an inclusive framework for the categorisation of activities of conflict intervention 1.1.1.3 Objective 3) Document and Analyse the Activities of Civil Society 1.1.1.4 Objective 4) Develop an Inclusive List of Instruments of Conflict Intervention 1.1.2 Scope 1.2 Methodology 1.2.1 Literature and Sources 1.2.2 Research Steps and Methods Used 1.2.2.1 Collection and Codification of Data 1.2.2.2 (Re-)Categorisation of Data into ‘Grand Strategies’ 1.2.2.3 Writing-Up 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 2. Approaching Conflict Intervention: A Discussion of the Theoretical Basis 2.1 Basic Terminologies 2.1.1 Social Conflict and War 2.1.2 On the Concept of Strategy 2.1.3 Different Terms for Handling Conflict 2.1.4 Conflict Intervention 2.2 Overview Over Different Categorisations of Conflict Intervention 2.2.1 ‘Tool Chests’ and Categorisations by Function 2.2.2 Categorisations According to Conflict Stages 2.2.3 Multi-variant Models of Conflict Intervention 2.2.4 The Three ‘Grand’ Strategies 2.2.4.1 Peace-making 2.2.4.2 Peace-keeping 2.2.4.3 Peace-building 2.2.5 Possible Additions to the Three ‘Grand Strategies’ 2.2.5.1 Prevention and Early Warning 2.2.5.2 Peace Enforcement 2.2.5.3 Information, Support to Other Actors, Protest and Advocacy 2.2.5.4 A Widened Framework for Categorising Conflict Intervention 2.3 The Different Actors in Conflict Intervention 2.3.1 The Relationship of Interveners to the Conflict 2.3.2 Categories of External Actors 2.4 Conclusions 3. On the History of the Conflicts in the Former Yugoslavia 3.1 Yugoslavia until 1991 3.2 The Beginning of the End: the Wars in Slovenia and Croatia and Their Aftermaths 3.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina: No Time for Real Independence 3.4 From the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia through the Federal Republic Yugoslavia to Serbia and Montenegro 3.5 Kosovo: From Autonomy in Serbia Through ‘Kosmet’ to War and Becoming a Protectorate 3.6 Macedonia: From an Example of ‘Working Prevention’ to Armed Uprising 3.7 Conclusion 4. The Main Interventions by Governments and International Organisations 4.1 The Use of Peace-making Instruments 4.1.1 Peace-making by Law 4.1.2 Peace-making by Negotiation 4.1.2.1 The Structures of Negotiation Diplomacy 4.1.2.2 The Contents of Negotiation Diplomacy 4.1.3 The Role of Violence and Power 4.1.3.1 The Sanctions 4.1.3.2 The Use of Military Means 4.1.3.3 The Relationship Between Conflict Stage and Degree of Force Used 4.1.4 Peace-making: A Picture of Mixed Results 4.2 The Use of Peace-keeping Instruments 4.2.1 Military Peace-keeping Missions 4.2.2 Civilian Peace-keeping 4.2.3 Peace-keeping: Another Picture of Mixed Results 4.3 The Use of Peace-building Instruments 4.3.1 Peace-building Activities By State Actors 4.3.1.1 Humanitarian Relief 4.3.1.2 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration of Soldiers (‘DDR’) 4.3.1.3 Physical Reconstruction and Refugee Return 4.3.1.4 Social and Psycho-social Work 4.3.1.5 Economic Recovery 4.3.1.6 Transitional Justice 4.3.1.7 State-building, Democratisation and Civil Society Support 4.3.1.8 Peace and Dialogue 4.3.1.9 Cultural Activities 4.3.2 International Administration (‘Protectorates’) 4.3.2.1 UNTAES 4.3.2.2 International Administration of Bosnia-Herzegovina 4.3.2.3 Kosovo 4.3.3 Peace-building: How much is enough? 4.4 Addressing Other External Actors: Protest and Advocacy 4.5 Prevention 4.6 Conclusions 5. Working Towards a Settlement of Conflict: Peace-making by Civil Society Actors 5.1 Top Level Peace-making 5.1.1 Jimmy Carter in Bosnia-Herzegovina 5.1.2 Communità di Sant’Egidio in Kosovo 5.2 Middle Level Peace-making 5.2.1 Problem-solving Workshops 5.2.2 Supporting the Political Opposition 5.2.2.1 Verona Forum 5.2.2.2 Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly 5.2.3 Seeking to Influence the Conflict Parties Through Suggesting Solutions 5.3 Grassroots Level Peace-making 5.4 Conclusions 6. Preventing and Stopping Violence: Peace-keeping by Civil Society Actors 6.1 An Organisation with a Longer-Term Peace-keeping Mandate: The Balkan Peace Team 6.2 Projects Assuming Peace-keeping Roles Incidentally in Certain Situations 6.3 Short-term Inter-positioning Projects 6.3.1 Inter-positioning in the Bosnian War 6.3.2 Inter-positioning in Kosovo 6.3.3 Relationship to Other Actors 6.4 Conclusions 7. Dealing with the Causes and Consequences of Violence: Peace-building by Civil Society Actors 7.1 Humanitarian Relief 7.1.1 Material Humanitarian Aid 7.1.2 Sheltering Refugees and Displaced 7.1.2.1 The Overall Picture 7.1.2.2 Helping People to Escape 7.1.3 Summary: Relief Work - Almost a Social Movement 7.2 Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) of Combatants 7.3 Reconstruction and Refugee Return 7.3.1 The Overall Picture 7.3.2 ‘Social Reconstruction’ and Other Projects With Complex Mandates 7.3.2.1 ‘Social Reconstruction’ in Pakrac 7.3.2.2 Social Reconstruction’ and Other Complex Projects in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo 7.3.3 Summary: Reconstruction Work - A Highly Conflict-sensitive Task 7.4 Social and Psycho-social Work 7.4.1 Social Support For Refugees in Camps 7.4.2 Youth Work 7.4.3 Psycho-social Assistance 7.4.4 Summary: Social and Psycho-social Work - Between Good Will and Professionalism 7.5 Economic Recovery 7.6 Transitional Justice and Human Rights Documentation 7.6.1 Fact-finding and Documentation of Abuses 7.6.2 Dealing With the Past 7.6.3 Summary: Transitional Justice and Human Rights Monitoring - An Important Task for Both Civil Society and Governmental Actors 7.7 State-building, Democratisation and Civil Society Support 7.7.1 Rebuilding Public Institutions 7.7.2 Political Parties and Democratic Elections 7.7.3 Media Support 7.7.4 Support of Local NGOs 7.7.4.1 Financial and Material Aid to Anti-War, Women’s and Human Rights Groups 7.7.4.2 Sending International Volunteers 7.7.4.3 Networking and Linking 7.7.5 Solidarity Work 7.7.5.1 Support for Those Avoiding Military Service 7.7.5.2 Solidarity with Kosovo – the Activities in Kosovo 7.7.5.3 Overthrowing the Yugoslav Government 7.7.6: Summary: State-building, Democratisation and Civil Society Support -A Highly Political Agenda 7.8 Promoting Peace Skills and Dialogue 7.8.1 Training in Peace Skills 7.8.2 Dialogue Projects 7.8.2.1 Inter-ethnic Dialogue 7.8.2.2 Inter-religious Dialogue 7.8.3 ‚Peace Projects’ With Complex Mandates 7.8.4 Summary: Promoting Peace Skills and Dialogue Work - Only One Approach in Peace-building 7.9 Cultural Activities 7.10 Conclusions 7.10.1 The Main Instruments of Civil Society Peace-building 7.10.2 The Main Goals of Civil Society Peace-Building 7.10.2.1 Meet Basic Needs Like Food, Housing and Health 7.10.2.2 Promote Inter-ethnic Cooperation and Reconciliation 7.10.2.3 Restore a Functioning Society, State and Economy and Promote Political Change 8. Addressing Other External Actors: Public Information, Support Activities, Protest and Advocacy by Civil Society Actors 8.1 Disseminating Public Information: The Role of International Media 8.1.1 The Mainstream Mass Media 8.1.2 Alternative Media 8.2 To Support Interventions by Other Actors 8.2.1 Applied Research 8.2.2 Funding 8.2.3 Co-ordination and Networking 8.2.4 Organising Information Visits to the Area 8.2.5 Capacity-Building with Conflict Intervention Actors 8.3 Protest and Advocacy: The Issues They Addressed 8.3.1 The Break-up of Yugoslavia and the Interpretation of the Conflicts 8.3.1.1 Early Interest in Yugoslavia 8.3.1.2 Different Positions Towards the Break-up of Yugoslavia 8.3.1.3 Partition of Bosnia-Herzegovina 8.3.2 Human Rights Violations and Prosecution of War Crimes 8.3.3 Acceptance of Refugees by Third Countries 8.3.4 Solidarity with Kosovo – the International Activities 8.3.5 Pro and Contra Military Intervention 8.3.5.1 For and Against Military Intervention in Bosnia-Herzegovina 8.3.5.2 The NATO War on FR Yugoslavia 8.4 The Main Instruments of Protest and Advocacy 8.4.1 Instruments of Protest 8.4.1.1 Appeals 8.4.1.2 Public Events 8.4.1.3 Demonstrations 8.4.1.4 Legal Means 8.4.1.5 Other Public Actions 8.4.2 Instruments of Advocacy Work 8.4.2.1 Advocating and Lobbying For Political Options 8.4.2.2 Institutionalizing ‘Civilian Alternatives’ 8.5 Conclusions 8.5.1 Protest, Advocacy and Work On the Ground 8.5.2 The Functions of Public Information, Support, Protest and Advocacy 8.5.3 Relationship Between International and Local Civil Society 8.5.4 A ‘Yugoslavia Movement’ 8.5.5 The Impact of Public Information, Protest and Advocacy 9. Conclusions: Strategies of Intervention by Civil Society Actors in Protracted Violent Conflict 9.1 On the Work of Civil Society Interveners 9.1.1 A Wide Range of Instruments of Intervention 9.1.2 Much Help But Not Enough Empowerment: Some Final Observations Regarding Goals and Strategies 9.1.2.1 On the Goals Pursued 9.1.2.2 On the Role Assumptions on the Causes of the Conflict Played 9.1.2.3 Doing Harm 9.1.3 Relationship Between Governmental and Non-state Actors 9.2 On the Theoretical Framework of Conflict Intervention 9.2.1 The Hypotheses on Conflict Intervention 9.2.1.1 Different Actors having Different Instruments and Strategies Available 9.2.1.2 Levels of Society Related to Instruments and Strategies 9.2.1.3 Stages of Conflict and Instruments and Strategies 9.2.2 A Widened Framework for Categorising Conflict Intervention 9.2.1.1 The Problem They Deal With and the Function of Each Strategy 9.2.1.2 Their Presence and Frequency in Different Conflict Stages 9.2.1.3 The Level of Society Targeted 9.2.1.4 The Instruments Used 9.2.1.5 Summary 9.3 The Role of Civil Society Actors in Conflict Intervention 9.4 Some Final Thoughts Bibliography APPENDIX 1. Instruments of Conflict Intervention 1. Peace-making 2. Peace-keeping 3. Peace-building 3.1 General, multi-purpose 3.2 Humanitarian Relief 3.3 Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of soldiers (DDR) 3.4 Reconstruction and refugee return 3.5 Social and psycho-social work 3.6 Economic recovery 3.7 Transitional Justice 3.8 State-building, democratisation and civil society support 3.9 Promoting Peace Skills and Dialogue 3.10 Cultural activities 4. Information, Protest and Advocacy 5. Capacitate the Interveners APPENDIX 2. Distribution of Certain Types of Activities During and After Wars Training in peace skills Psycho-social workshops and trauma work in Bosnia-Herzegovina Youth Centres Physical reconstructionde
dc.languageende
dc.publisherSozio-Publ.de
dc.subject.ddcPolitikwissenschaftde
dc.subject.ddcPolitical scienceen
dc.titleStrategies of Intervention in Protracted Violent Conflicts by Civil Society Actors: the Example of Interventions in the Violent Conflicts in the Area of Former Yugoslavia, 1990-2002de
dc.description.reviewbegutachtetde
dc.description.reviewrevieweden
dc.source.volume217de
dc.publisher.countryDEU
dc.publisher.cityBelmde
dc.source.seriesEdition Sozio-Publishing
dc.subject.classozPeace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policyen
dc.subject.classozFriedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitikde
dc.subject.thesozconflict strategyen
dc.subject.thesozcivil societyen
dc.subject.thesozBürgerkriegde
dc.subject.thesozFriedensforschungde
dc.subject.thesozAkteurde
dc.subject.thesozpeace researchen
dc.subject.thesozhumanitarian interventionen
dc.subject.thesozhumanitäre Interventionde
dc.subject.thesozpeacekeepingen
dc.subject.thesozcivil waren
dc.subject.thesozsocial actoren
dc.subject.thesozconflict managementen
dc.subject.thesozKonfliktregelungde
dc.subject.thesozYugoslaviaen
dc.subject.thesozKonfliktstrategiede
dc.subject.thesozZivilgesellschaftde
dc.subject.thesozFriedenssicherungde
dc.subject.thesozJugoslawiende
dc.identifier.urnurn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-332262
dc.rights.licenceCreative Commons - Namensnennung, Nicht kommerz., Keine Bearbeitungde
dc.rights.licenceCreative Commons - Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Worksen
ssoar.contributor.institutionIFGKde
internal.statusformal und inhaltlich fertig erschlossende
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dc.type.stockmonographde
dc.type.documentphd thesisen
dc.type.documentDissertationde
dc.source.pageinfo400de
internal.identifier.classoz10507
internal.identifier.document9
internal.identifier.ddc320
dc.description.pubstatusPublished Versionen
dc.description.pubstatusVeröffentlichungsversionde
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internal.identifier.series720
dc.subject.classhort29900de
internal.check.abstractlanguageharmonizerCERTAIN
internal.check.languageharmonizerCERTAIN_RETAINED


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