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@article{ Knights2005,
 title = {Time, Self and Reified Artefacts},
 author = {Knights, David and Yakhlef, Ali},
 journal = {Time & Society},
 number = {2-3},
 pages = {283-302},
 volume = {14},
 year = {2005},
 doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X05055139},
 urn = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-223158},
 abstract = {Discursive accounts of time tend to focus on a deconstruction of taken-for-granted                notions of clock time, restricted to linear measurable units. By contrast the                present article examines some of the discourses and practices deployed by managers                in their attempts to control time; in the final instance, it shows how time can be a                mystery that escapes such managerial pursuits and preoccupations. More specifically,                we draw on Levinas’s ideas on time and the ‘Other’,                and use two managerial discourses to illustrate how reification (through the use of                technological and institutional artefacts) as attempts to control time tend to                result in a proliferation of participation but, equally, an insistence on                participation may invoke an intensification of control through reification. Reified                relationships invariably result in a perpetual return to the Other, or what we have                called participation. However, to varying degrees, our participatory mode is not                possible without reification. Yet ‘relationships’ cannot be                completely delegated to rationally calculating devices, formal institutions, or                markets. Cooperation has its source not in reified forms of rationality (nor of                irrationality), but in the human encounter with the Other. The organizational,                social order is based on personal relations and personal responsibilities.},
}