The Impact of Lifestyle and Dietary Antioxidants on Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review of Prevention and Management Strategies

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a pervasive global health crisis characterised by chronic hyperglycemia, leading to severe microvascular and macrovascular complications. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, is a central pathogenic mechanism, impairing insulin production and exacerbating insulin resistance. This comprehensive review synthesises evidence on the pivotal role of lifestyle modifications and dietary antioxidants in diabetes prevention and management. Findings reveal that integrated lifestyle interventions are fundamental, encompassing balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, weight management, stress reduction, and optimised sleep. Moreover, dietary antioxidants, including Vitamins C, E, carotenoids, and polyphenols, sourced from whole foods, demonstrate protective effects against diabetes risk and improve metabolic parameters. Notably, whole food consumption is superior to isolated antioxidant supplements, which have shown inconsistent efficacy and potential prooxidant effects at high doses. The most effective strategy for mitigating diabetes and its complications involves a synergistic approach, combining comprehensive lifestyle changes with antioxidant-rich diets. Future research should focus on personalised nutrition and the intricate interplay between diet, the gut microbiome, and metabolism.