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@article{ Bacher1990,
 title = {Einführung in die Logik der Skalierungsverfahren},
 author = {Bacher, Johann},
 journal = {Historical Social Research},
 number = {3},
 pages = {4-170},
 volume = {15},
 year = {1990},
 issn = {0172-6404},
 doi = {https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.15.1990.3.4-170},
 urn = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-34206},
 abstract = {Der vorliegende Beitrag verfolgt zwei Zielsetzungen: (1) Vermittlung der Grundlogik der Skalierung sowie von Skalierungsverfahren; (2) Darstellung der Umsetzung der Schritte der Lösung einer Skalierungsaufgabe in die Befehlssprache des Statistikprogramms SPSS-PC. Die Arbeit versteht sich als Einführung in die Skalierung. Die folgenden drei 'Grundtypen' werden abgehandelt: Guttmanskala; Analyse latenter Klassen; Faktorenanalyse. Die Arbeit ist auf der Grundlage eines Workshops entstanden, den der Autor 1985 und 1986 während eines 'Quantkurses' zu Methoden der historischen Sozialforschung gehalten hat. (pmb)'This article gives an introduction to the logic of scaling and to scaling techniques. It starts with a defintion of scaling. From this starting point the steps necessary to solve a scaling task are deduced. These steps are: - Specification of a scaling model, that fits to theory and data. - Estimation of the parameters of the scaling model. - Validition of the scaling model. - Error analysis if the validition test fails. - Estimation of scores for the scaled units if the models fit to data. The solutions of these steps are discussed in detail for real-life data sets from sociology and historical sciences. In addition it is shown how the solutions can be realized within statistical software packages, like SPSS-X or LISREL. It is important not to confound these steps not with scaling techniques. Scaling techniques are instruments, that can help to solve these steps. In order to use these instruments, we must know their assumptions and their properties. The following scaling techniques are described: Guttman Scaling, Mokken Scaling, Rasch Scaling, Scaling according to Proctor, Guttmann Scaling for polytomous data, Latent Class Analysis and Factor Analysis. The statistical software packages used are: SPSS-PC+, PANMARK and LISREL. An introduction to PANMARK and LISREL is given.' (author's abstract)},
 keywords = {electronic data processing; statistical analysis; methodology; statistische Analyse; scaling; Methodologie; EDV; Skalierung; empirical social research; measurement; historical social research; historische Sozialforschung; procedure; Messung; empirische Sozialforschung; Verfahren}}