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@article{ Davidov2012,
 title = {Using a multilevel structural equation modeling approach to explain cross-cultural measurement noninvariance},
 author = {Davidov, Eldad and Dülmer, Hermann and Schlüter, Elmar and Schmidt, Peter and Meuleman, Bart},
 journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
 number = {4},
 pages = {558-575},
 volume = {43},
 year = {2012},
 issn = {0022-0221},
 doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112438397},
 urn = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-444854},
 abstract = {Testing for invariance of measurements across groups (such as countries o r time points) is
essential before meaningful comparisons may be conducted. However, when tested, invariance is often absent. As a result, comparisons across groups are potentially problematic and may be
biased. In the current study, we propose utilizing a multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM)
approach to provide a framework to explain item bias. We show how variation in a contextual
variable may explain non invariance. For the illustration of the method, we use data from the
second round of the European Social Survey (ESS). (author's abstract)},
 keywords = {statistische Analyse; statistical analysis; Mehrebenenanalyse; multi-level analysis; Kontextanalyse; context analysis; Methodenforschung; methodological research; Datenqualität; data quality; interkultureller Vergleich; intercultural comparison; vergleichende Forschung; comparative research; European Social Survey; European Social Survey}}