Места памяти: между метафорой и концептом

Abstract

In this article, the author examines the origins and definition of the concept of realms of memory, and demonstrates the possibilities of its use as a research optic. The reason for the author's attention is the established tradition of identifying realms of memory with material objects, which does not correspond to Pierre Nora's original intention and the meaning of the term. In order to meet this challenge, the author first offers a brief description of Nora's project and his own proposed definition of the lieu de memoire. Nora identifies three aspects to better define the core concept of his project: materiality, symbolism, functionality; he attributes key importance to symbolism in particular. Next, the author looks at the origins of the project and its predecessors. The author argues that realms of memory act as an extension of Halbwachs's concept of "social framework" and Yeats's reinterpreted idea of mnemonic places. Nora's project, being possible only in a situation of a rejection of linear causality of historical narrative, intersects with the idea of Foucault's "archaeology of knowledge" and Benjamin's romantic anti-historicism. However, instead of their conflicting perspective, it offers a diplomatic consensus of lieu de memoire. The author then presents a perspective on Nora's project by F. Hartog, who sees in the project of realms of memory a new model of time and historiography. Next, in order to explore the applicability Nora's optics, the author outlines the primary features associated with the realms of memory. Thus, a realm of memory is a "remnant" of the past associated with certain commemorative practices, subject to multiple interpretations, capable of change but retaining its significance. Leveling the complexity and debatability of memory sites, as well as the conflictuality inherent in them, reduces their use in scientific discourse to a metaphor or rhetorical figure. Following Hartog, the author proposes to view Nora's places of memory as a heuristic tool which represents a certain optic for research into the past. Understanding realms of memory as an aesthetic concept makes it possible to interpret them as an epistemological framework, the use of which can moderate the ideological interests and political biases of the researcher, to talk about nation and national identity without nationalism, and to consider memory sites as a way to research the local past.