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Leopold II and the selectorate: an account in contrast to a racial explanation

Leopold II. und die Selectorate-Theorie: eine Untersuchung in Abgrenzung zu rassismusbasierten Erklärungsansätzen
[journal article]

Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce

Abstract

'Von 1885 bis 1908 war Leopold II nicht nur König von Belgien, sondern auch der Eigentümer des Freien Staates Kongo. Seine Politik in beiden Ländern konnte jedoch verschiedener kaum sein: Während in Belgien die Lebensbedingungen der Menschen verbessert wurden, errichtete Leopold im Kongo eine brutal... view more

'Von 1885 bis 1908 war Leopold II nicht nur König von Belgien, sondern auch der Eigentümer des Freien Staates Kongo. Seine Politik in beiden Ländern konnte jedoch verschiedener kaum sein: Während in Belgien die Lebensbedingungen der Menschen verbessert wurden, errichtete Leopold im Kongo eine brutale Tyrannenherrschaft. Der Artikel analysiert die fundamentalen Unterschiede im Regierungsstil mit Hilfe der 'selectorate theory', die die unterschiedlichen Politikergebnisse auf Varianzen der politischen Institutionen zurückführt. Dafür modelliert er regierende Politiker als nutzenmaximierende Akteure, was für den Regierenden zu allererst bedeutet, seine Macht zu erhalten. Im Rahmen von Belgiens Regierungssystem benötigte Leopold II eine breite Anhängerschaft um an der Macht zu bleiben. Im Gegensatz dazu war er im Kongo nur auf eine sehr kleine Gruppe von Unterstützern angewiesen. Um zu zeigen, dass die 'selectorate theory' einer ad hoc Erklärung von Leopolds unterschiedlichen Regierungsstilen z.B. durch Rassismus überlegen ist, wird die fortdauernde Relevanz politischer Institutionen anhand eines Vergleichs mit der Regierungszeit des Kongolosen Mobutu Sese Seko gezeigt.' (Autorenreferat)... view less


'From 1885 until 1908 Leopold II was not only the King of Belgium but also the personal owner of the Congo Free State. The policy outcomes during his reign turned out to be fundamentally different in the two countries: Whereas in Belgium he improved living conditions, in the Congo he established a b... view more

'From 1885 until 1908 Leopold II was not only the King of Belgium but also the personal owner of the Congo Free State. The policy outcomes during his reign turned out to be fundamentally different in the two countries: Whereas in Belgium he improved living conditions, in the Congo he established a brutal tyranny. This paper analyses the reasons for these different leadership styles of Leopold II by means of the 'selectorate theory'. The selectorate theory explains policy outcomes as a function of governance institutions. It assumes that the ruler maximizes his own utility which means first of all to sustain himself in power. Under Belgium's governmental institutions Leopold II required broad support from the general public but in the Congo he only needed a very small group of supporters. To reduce the possibility that Leopold's different leadership styles were caused mainly by racism his period is compared to the reign of the Congolese leader Mobutu Sese Seko.' (author's abstract)... view less

Keywords
utility; political theory; government policy; historical analysis; Africa; social actor; political actor; colonial policy; Belgium; Central Africa; domination; comparison; French-speaking Africa; living conditions; political institution; Africa South of the Sahara; Congo, Republic of the; developing country; nineteenth century; racism

Classification
General History

Method
theory application; historical

Document language
English

Publication Year
2007

Page/Pages
p. 203-221

Journal
Historical Social Research, 32 (2007) 4

DOI
https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.32.2007.4.203-221

ISSN
0172-6404

Status
Published Version; peer reviewed

Licence
Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0


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© 2007 - 2025 Social Science Open Access Repository (SSOAR).
Based on DSpace, Copyright (c) 2002-2022, DuraSpace. All rights reserved.