How to reach 'hard-to-reach' older people for research: the TIBaR model of recruitment

Abstract

Recruiting older persons with diverse health statuses as participants in research projects is a challenge for health researchers, particularly because persons with health impairments and in socially disadvantaged living conditions are difficult to reach. This article presents a step model for gaining access to older people who are difficult to contact. The step model is based on the literature and a qualitative analysis of documentation, field notes and memos that stem from the recruitment processes of two studies from the German research consortium 'Autonomy despite multimorbidity in old age', both of which also included older persons who would qualify as 'hard-to-reach'. The analysis followed the method of Grounded Theory and aimed to understand the social process of 'recruitment'. Four steps of the recruitment process were identified that had been applied - intentionally or unintentionally - in both of the projects, i.e., the qualitative as well as the quantitative projects: 1. build up Trust, 2. offer Incentives, 3. identify individual Barriers and 4. be Responsive (TIBaR). The step model provides information for facilitating access to various target groups for qualitative as well as quantitative research designs. However, its implementation requires time, financial resources, flexibility and appropriately qualified staff members.