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How emotion communication guides reciprocity: establishing cooperation through disappointment and anger
[journal article]
Abstract Emotions fulfil many social functions, but data on their essential function of establishing cooperation are lacking. We investigated how communicating anger and disappointment guides reciprocal cooperative behavior. Although anger may force cooperation by announcing retaliation, we predicted that co... view more
Emotions fulfil many social functions, but data on their essential function of establishing cooperation are lacking. We investigated how communicating anger and disappointment guides reciprocal cooperative behavior. Although anger may force cooperation by announcing retaliation, we predicted that communicating disappointment was less likely to backfire. A laboratory study in which participants played against the reciprocal strategy of tit-for-tat showed that communicated disappointment established more cooperation than did anger. This effect also carried over to future cooperation decisions. Partners communicating disappointment evoked less anger, were evaluated more positively and as forgiving rather than retaliatory. Communication of disappointment thus appears conducive to establishing mutually beneficial relationships.... view less
Classification
Social Psychology
Free Keywords
Cooperation; communicated emotion; tit for tat; anger; disappointment
Document language
English
Publication Year
2009
Page/Pages
p. 987-990
Journal
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45 (2009) 4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.010
Status
Postprint; peer reviewed
Licence
PEER Licence Agreement (applicable only to documents from PEER project)