(Micro)Identities in Flux: The Interplay of Polarization and Fragmentation in Polish and European Politics

Abstract

This conceptual article interrogates the role of identity politics - amplified by political elites and magnified through social media - in destabilizing the foundations of liberal democracy by deepening ideological, social, and cultural divisions. It critically examines the dynamics of micro‐identity formation, exploring their paradoxical capacity to either intensify polarization, erode democratic norms, and foster social fragmentation, or, conversely, to reinforce democratic norms. Through a case study of micro‐narratives, such as the discourse surrounding the term "TERF" (trans‐exclusionary radical feminist), the article highlights how the politicization of identity can fuel polarization and entrench societal fault lines. Equally, drawing on analyses of parliamentary elections in Poland, it illustrates how strategic integration of micro‐identities into coalition‐building efforts can yield positive outcomes, ultimately bolstering the democratic process. The article contends that safeguarding democratic norms necessitates the crafting of inclusive narratives that acknowledge micro‐identities, uphold cultural and ideological pluralism, and reaffirm the core democratic principle of minority rights protection. In this context, particular attention is given to Polish PM Donald Tusk's post‐2023 election discourse as an exemplar of an integrative narrative strategy.