Cell Signalling Pathways in Development and Disease: A Review

Abstract

Cell signalling pathways represent fundamental molecular communication networks that orchestrate cellular functions in development and disease. This comprehensive review examines the intricate landscape of cell signalling mechanisms in Nigerian populations, revealing distinct genetic, environmental, and clinical characteristics that significantly influence pathway behaviours and disease manifestations.Through a systematic literature review, we analysed major signalling pathways, including Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK), G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR), JAK-STAT, Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog signalling, across both developmental and pathological contexts. Our investigation uncovered population-specific variations that profoundly impact disease susceptibility, progression, and treatment responses in Nigerian healthcare settings.Key findings demonstrate that Nigerian populations exhibit unique alterations in signalling pathways driven by genetic polymorphisms, endemic infectious disease exposures, and environmental factors. Developmental signalling mechanisms revealed distinctive patterns of embryonic development, neural patterning, and stem cell regulation. In disease contexts, significant molecular variations were observed in cancer, metabolic disorders, inflammatory conditions, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders.The research highlights critical challenges in implementing signalling-targeted therapies, including infrastructure limitations, economic constraints, and regulatory complexities. Additionally, traditional Nigerian medicinal approaches offer promising complementary insights into the modulation of signalling pathways.This review establishes a comprehensive framework for understanding cell signalling pathways in Nigerian populations, emphasising the importance of contextually specific molecular research. The findings provide essential guidance for developing precision medicine approaches tailored to local genetic and environmental contexts, ultimately supporting more effective disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.