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Presidential control of high courts in Latin America: a long-term view (1904-2006)

Control presidencial de las cortes supremas en América Latina: una mirada histórica (1904-2006)
Präsidentielle Kontrolle der Obersten Gerichte in Lateinamerika auf lange Sicht (1904-2006)
[journal article]

Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal
Castagnola, Andrea

Abstract

In many Latin American countries the executive branch manipulatesthe composition of the Supreme Court, and judicial independence hasremained elusive. Because high courts can exercise judicial review and influencelower courts, incoming presidents often force the resignation of adversarialjustices or ... view more

In many Latin American countries the executive branch manipulatesthe composition of the Supreme Court, and judicial independence hasremained elusive. Because high courts can exercise judicial review and influencelower courts, incoming presidents often force the resignation of adversarialjustices or "pack" the courts with friends. One indicator of this problemhas been the high turnover among members of the high courts. In thispaper we offer systematic evidence to compare this problem across countriesand to place this issue in historical perspective. Our analysis covers 11Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, ElSalvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Uruguay) between1904 and 2006. We model the entrance of new justices to the SupremeCourt as a function of "natural" (legal and biological) factors, political conditionsempowering the president to reshuffle the Court, and institutionalincentives promoting executive encroachment on the judiciary.... view less


En muchos países de América Latina el poder ejecutivo manipulala composición de la Corte Suprema, y por ende la independencia del poderjudicial ha resultado difícil de alcanzar. Debido a que las cortes supremaspueden ejercer el control de constitucionalidad e influir en las cortes inferiores,los pre... view more

En muchos países de América Latina el poder ejecutivo manipulala composición de la Corte Suprema, y por ende la independencia del poderjudicial ha resultado difícil de alcanzar. Debido a que las cortes supremaspueden ejercer el control de constitucionalidad e influir en las cortes inferiores,los presidentes entrantes a menudo han forzado la renuncia de jueces adversoso han aumentado el número de miembros en la corte para nombrar a juecesamigos. Un indicador de este problema ha sido la alta tasa de recambio de losmiembros en las cortes. En este trabajo ofrecemos evidencia sistemática paracomparar este problema entre los países así como también para tratar el temadesde una perspectiva histórica. El análisis abarca 11 países de América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,Honduras, México, Panamá y Uruguay) entre 1904 y 2006. Modelamos laentrada de un nuevo juez a la Corte Suprema como resultado de factores "naturales" (es decir causas legales y biológicas), de las capacidades políticasdel presidente para ejercer un recambio en la corte, y de incentivos institucionalesque llevan al ejecutivo a manipular el poder judicial.... view less

Keywords
president; political control; institutional factors; political factors; control; Latin America; change of government; judge; twentieth century; Supreme Court

Classification
Political System, Constitution, Government
Criminal Sociology, Sociology of Law
Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture

Method
descriptive study; historical

Free Keywords
Political science; Supreme courts; Judiciary/ judiciary powers; Judges; Executive/ executive power; Institutions; Ciencia política; Tribunales supremos; Sistema judicial/ poder judicial; Jueces; Rama ejecutiva/ poder ejecutivo; Instituciones; Latin America; 1904-2006; América Latina; 1904-2006

Document language
English

Publication Year
2009

Page/Pages
p. 87-114

Journal
Journal of Politics in Latin America, 1 (2009) 2

ISSN
1868-4890

Status
Published Version; peer reviewed

Licence
Creative Commons - Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works


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© 2007 - 2025 Social Science Open Access Repository (SSOAR).
Based on DSpace, Copyright (c) 2002-2022, DuraSpace. All rights reserved.