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How Do Gendered Labour Market Trends and the Pay Gap Translate into the Projected Gender Pension Gap? A Comparative Analysis of Five Countries with Low, Middle and High GPGs
[journal article]
Abstract This article explores how the Gender Pension Gap (GPG) - the relative difference in average pension received by men and women - might evolve in the future in various European countries, given past, current, and projected future labour market behaviour and earnings of women and men, and current pensi... view more
This article explores how the Gender Pension Gap (GPG) - the relative difference in average pension received by men and women - might evolve in the future in various European countries, given past, current, and projected future labour market behaviour and earnings of women and men, and current pension regulations. The GPG reflects career inequalities between women and men, though these are partly mitigated by the redistributive impact of the public retirement pensions. They are further mitigated by survivor benefits. This study aims to document both mechanisms in the projections of the GPG. As the GPG varies widely across European countries, we analyse countries with a high (Luxembourg), high and low middle (Belgium and Switzerland Portugal), and low (Slovenia) GPG. We find that the GPG will fall significantly in all five countries over the coming decades. The fundamental drivers behind this development are discussed. In addition to the base scenario, we simulate two variants to show the impact of the Gender Pension Coverage Gap and of survivor pensions. Additionally, we project the GPG if current labour market gender gaps were to remain at their present level, and, conversely, if these were to disappear overnight. These alternative scenarios, one of which also serves as a robustness test, suggest that the future decline of the GPG is largely the result of labour market developments that have already happened during the past decades.... view less
Keywords
woman; pension; gender-specific factors; inequality; gender relations; Luxembourg; Belgium; Switzerland; Portugal; Slovenia; labor market trend
Classification
Women's Studies, Feminist Studies, Gender Studies
Social Security
Free Keywords
Gender Pension Gap; dynamic microsimulation; EU-SILC 2013 ; EU-SILC 2018
Document language
English
Publication Year
2022
Page/Pages
p. 1-26
Journal
Social Sciences, 11 (2022) 7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070304
ISSN
2076-0760
Status
Published Version; peer reviewed