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How to reach 'hard-to-reach' older people for research: the TIBaR model of recruitment
[journal article]
Abstract Recruiting older persons with diverse health statuses as participants in research projects is a challenge for health researchers, particularly because persons with health impairments and in socially disadvantaged living conditions are difficult to reach. This article presents a step model for gainin... view more
Recruiting older persons with diverse health statuses as participants in research projects is a challenge for health researchers, particularly because persons with health impairments and in socially disadvantaged living conditions are difficult to reach. This article presents a step model for gaining access to older people who are difficult to contact. The step model is based
on the literature and a qualitative analysis of documentation, field notes and memos that stem from the recruitment processes of two studies from the German research consortium
'Autonomy despite multimorbidity in old age', both of which also included older persons who would qualify as 'hard-to-reach'. The analysis followed the method of Grounded Theory and aimed to understand the social
process of 'recruitment'. Four steps of the recruitment process were identified that had been applied - intentionally or unintentionally - in both of the projects, i.e., the qualitative as well as
the quantitative projects: 1. build up Trust, 2. offer Incentives, 3. identify individual Barriers and 4. be Responsive (TIBaR). The step model provides information for facilitating access to various target groups for
qualitative as well as quantitative research designs. However, its implementation requires time, financial resources, flexibility and appropriately qualified staff members.... view less
Keywords
grounded theory; model construction; interview; socioeconomic factors; Federal Republic of Germany; elderly; health status; response behavior; research planning; social status
Classification
Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods
Free Keywords
hard to reach populations; older adults; recruitment; research design
Document language
English
Publication Year
2019
Page/Pages
p. 1-15
Journal
Survey Methods: Insights from the Field (2019)
Issue topic
Probability and Nonprobability Sampling: Sampling of hard-to-reach survey populations
ISSN
2296-4754
Status
Published Version; peer reviewed