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@article{ Lickel2005,
 title = {Vicarious Shame and Guilt},
 author = {Lickel, Brian and Schmader, Toni and Curtis, Mathew and Scarnier, Marchelle and Ames, Daniel R.},
 journal = {Group Processes & Intergroup Relations},
 number = {2},
 pages = {145-157},
 volume = {8},
 year = {2005},
 doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430205051064},
 urn = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-227747},
 abstract = {Participants recalled instances when they felt vicariously ashamed or guilty for                another’s wrongdoing and rated their appraisals of the event and resulting                motivations. The study tested aspects of social association that uniquely predict                vicarious shame and guilt. Results suggest that the experience of vicarious shame                and vicarious guilt are distinguishable. Vicarious guilt was predicted by                one’s perceived interdependence with the wrongdoer (e.g. high                interpersonal interaction), an appraisal of control over the event, and a motivation                to repair the other person’s wrongdoing. Vicarious shame was predicted by                the relevance of the event to a shared social identity with the wrongdoer, an                appraisal of self-image threat, and a motivation to distance from the event.                Implications for intergroup behavior and emotion are discussed.},
}