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Schätzung von Säuglingssterblichkeit und Lebenserwartung im Zeitalter des Imperium Romanum: methodenkritische Untersuchung

Estimation of infant mortality (babies) and life expectancy during the Roman Empire: a study based on method criticism
[journal article]

Langner, Günther

Abstract

'Model Life Tables - hier als Modell-Lebens-Tafeln bezeichnet - und ihre Anwendung in der demographischen Praxis beruhen auf der Annahme, daß die Überlebensfunktion ganzer Generationen bestimmten Gesetzmäßigkeiten folgt und unabhängig von Zeit und Raum Gültigkeit hat.' Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Tafel... view more

'Model Life Tables - hier als Modell-Lebens-Tafeln bezeichnet - und ihre Anwendung in der demographischen Praxis beruhen auf der Annahme, daß die Überlebensfunktion ganzer Generationen bestimmten Gesetzmäßigkeiten folgt und unabhängig von Zeit und Raum Gültigkeit hat.' Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Tafeln für heute und in Zukunft lebende Bevölkerungen wird, im Gegensatz zu ihrer allgemeinen Bejahung in der Demographie, hinterfragt. Ausgangspunkt ist ein Gesetzestext, der auf den römischen Juristen Ulpianus zurückgeht und die erste verfügbare Schriftquelle zur Beschreibung der Lebenserwartung einer lebenden Bevölkerung ist. Die von Ulpianus angegebene Lebenserwartung im römischen Weltreich wird einem Plausibilitätsvergleich nach Sauvy 1961 unterzogen. Die männlichen und weiblichen Lebensspannen aufgrund der lateinischen Grabinschriften werden tabellarisch wiedergegeben und interpretiert. Dabei werden auch methodische Probleme, z.B. Korrekturfaktoren oder überhaupt die fehlenden Quellen zur Säuglings- und Kleinkindersterblichkeit, angesprochen. Es zeigt sich, daß sämtliche Grabmale einheitliche Altersstrukturen der Verstorbenen aufzeigen und eine obere Grenze der Lebenserwartung markieren. So könnte die Schriftquelle des Ulpianus dazu beiträgen, die Höhe der Lebenserwartung im Ablauf der menschlichen Evolution zu bestimmen. (prf)... view less


'Model life tables (Coale and Demeny, 1983; Coale and Guo, 1989) and their application in demographic practice are based on the assumption that the survival function of entire generations conforms to law-governed regularities and is valid irrespective of time and space. In the model 'time' is the co... view more

'Model life tables (Coale and Demeny, 1983; Coale and Guo, 1989) and their application in demographic practice are based on the assumption that the survival function of entire generations conforms to law-governed regularities and is valid irrespective of time and space. In the model 'time' is the coordinate t which remains constantly valid according to the laws of classical physics even when the time direction is reversed in motion equations to -t. The application of the model tables to populations living both now and in the future is systematically favored in demography. This is demonstrated in particular with the 'Population Prospects' by the United Nations, New York. However, in the case of 'historical' populations, i.e. populations having existed before the 19th and 20th centuries (without the availability of statistics in the modern sense), the validity of the models is questioned by many renowned scientists. The first available written source in human history relating to the description of the life expectancy of a living population is a legal text which originates from the Roman jurist Ulpianus (murdered in AD 228). In contrast to the prevailing opinion in demography, I not only do consider die text to be of 'historica interest' (Dublin, Lotka, Spiegelmann), but to be a document of inestimable worth for evaluating the population survival probability in the Roman empire. The criteria specified by Ulpianus are in line with the 'pan-human' survival function as described by modern model life tables, when based en adulthood. Values calculated from tomb inscripitons follow the lowest level of the model life tables as well and support Ulpianus statements. The specifications by Ulpianus for the population of the Roman world empire as a whole in the 'best fit' with modern life tables lead to an average level of 20 years of life expectancy. As a consequence a high infant mortality rate of almost 400%o can be concluded resulting in no more than three children at the age of five in an average family in spite of a high fertility rate.' (author's abstract)... view less

Keywords
age structure; Roman Empire; baby; mortality; life expectancy; demography; method; historical development; infant; life-span

Classification
General History
Population Studies, Sociology of Population

Method
documentation; empirical; development of methods; historical; quantitative empirical; basic research

Document language
German

Publication Year
1998

Page/Pages
p. 299-326

Journal
Historical Social Research, 23 (1998) 1/2

DOI
https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.23.1998.1/2.299-326

ISSN
0172-6404

Status
Published Version; peer reviewed

Licence
Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0


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